Chester Clinic

 

Lichen planus

clinical practice Laurence Le Cleach, M.D., and Olivier Chosidow, M.D., Ph.D.
This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the authors' clinical recommendations. A 53-year-old woman presents with intensely itchy skin lesions and burning in her
mouth, which makes eating difficult. These signs and symptoms have become pro-
gressively evident during the past several weeks. Examination of her skin and oral
cavity reveals violaceous, polygonal papules, mainly on the flexural aspect of the
wrists and ankles and in the lumbar region, as well as erosions associated with a lace-
like, white-line network apparent in the posterior buccal mucosa. How should this
case be managed?
The Clinical Problem Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease of unknown origin. The skin From the Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil (L.L.C., and oral mucosa are the most frequently involved areas.1 Other mucous membranes O.C.), Université Paris-Est, Créteil Val de (including the genitalia, esophagus, and conjunctiva) and skin appendages (e.g., scalp Marne (O.C.), and the Centre Cochrane hair and nails) can also be affected. One or several areas can be involved, either con- Français, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Paris (L.L.C., O.C.) — all in France. Address reprint comitantly or sequentially.2 requests to Dr. Le Cleach at laurence The clinical presentation of lichen planus varies depending on the area involved3-5 [email protected].
(Fig. 1A through 1F and Table 1). Cutaneous lichen planus is characterized by flat- N Engl J Med 2012;366:723-32.
topped, violaceous papules (Fig. 1A and 1B), the appearance of which may cause Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. embarrassment1 and which in some cases can be intensely itchy. The lesions may result in long-standing residual hyperpigmentation, especially in dark-skinned patients.1,6 (Less common variants of cutaneous disease are shown in the figure in the Sup- plementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.) Oral lichen planus is characterized by symmetric reticular lesions that resemble a white, lacelike network, as well as by papules, plaques, erythematous lesions, and erosions (Fig. 1C)7; it is a chronic disease, and its erosive form is painful.3,4 The clinical An audio version
characteristics of anogenital lichen planus (Fig. 1D and 1E) are typically similar to of this article
those of both the cutaneous and the oral forms. The erosive form of mucosal lichen is available at
planus may result in fibrosis, with vulvar scarring, vaginal stenosis,5 phimosis, esoph- ageal stricture,8 blindness,9 or obstruction of the lachrymal canal. Progressive scarring can also affect the nails and scalp.10-12 According to population-based data from Sweden, the prevalence of cutaneous lichen planus among men is 0.3%13 and the prevalence of oral lichen planus is 1.5%14; the respective prevalences among women are 0.1%13 and 2.3%.14 A large study of patients who presented with oral lesions revealed prior or current cutaneous lesions in 16% and genital disease in 19%, with rare cases of esophageal, nail, or conjunctival disease,2 whereas substantially higher rates of concomitant genital or esophageal disease have been noted on systematic histologic examination in patients with oral or cutaneous disease.8,15 n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. key Clinical points
• Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease of unknown origin that involves mainly the skin and oral • The major burdens of lichen planus are itching and residual hyperpigmentation in the cutaneous form and pain and difficulties with eating in the oral erosive form.
• With the exception of the cutaneous form, which generally heals within 1 year, lichen planus is a chronic condition.
• Given reports of a significant association between lichen planus and infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), HCV serologic testing should be considered in all affected patients.
• In the case of lesions that persist despite treatment, biopsy specimens should be assessed for early dysplasia or squamous-cell carcinoma, since these conditions have been reported in association with lichen planus.
• Data from randomized, controlled trials are limited, and management choices are based mainly on clinical • Superpotent topical glucocorticoids are the usual first-line treatment for lichen planus.
Women account for 60 to 75% of patients with the overrepresentation of certain HLA haplotypes oral lichen planus3,4 and 50% of those with cuta- (e.g., HLA-DR1 in cutaneous lichen planus) sug- neous lichen planus.6 The mean age at diagnosis gest that genetic factors have a role in susceptibil- is between 50 and 60 years for oral disease3,4 ity to this disease.1 Several autoimmune disorders, and between 40 and 45 years for the cutaneous particularly alopecia areata and ulcerative colitis, form.6 Lichen planus is uncommon in children have been reported to occur more frequently in (accounting for less than 5% of cases).16 patients with lichen planus than in control popu- Oral lichen planus is generally considered a lations.21 potentially premalignant condition17; a 1% inci- There is a significant association between li- dence of squamous-cell carcinoma has been re- chen planus and infection with hepatitis C virus ported among patients with this condition in both (HCV). In two meta-analyses, patients with lichen retrospective and prospective cohort studies.18 planus were reported to be approximately 5 times However, the true risk remains controversial, as likely as controls to be HCV-seropositive; more- given the heterogeneous diagnostic criteria for over, lichen planus was 2.5 to 4.5 times as likely lichen planus across studies (and the difficulty in to develop in the HCV-seropositive patients.22,23 discriminating it from other premalignant condi- Lichen planus has adverse effects on both tions), the variation in the duration of follow-up, quality of life and psychological status.24 Factors and the potential confounding by associated risk that contribute to these detrimental effects include factors (e.g., alcohol consumption and smok- pain and difficulties with eating and with sexual ing).4,17,18 Case reports have also described squa- function in association with mucosal disease.
mous-cell carcinomas arising from chronic ano- genital,5 esophageal,8 or hypertrophic cutaneous S tr ategies and Ev idence lichen planus lesions.19 Although the pathogenesis of lichen planus re- Evaluation and Diagnosis
mains unclear, it appears to be an autoimmune Lichen planus is usually diagnosed clinically. If a disease. The basal keratinocyte degeneration ob- patient has lichen planus at any site, the clinician served in lichen planus is attributed to cytotoxic should examine all potentially involved sites, such CD8+ T lymphocytes,20 which are the major com- as the mucosa, skin, and skin appendages (nails ponent of the infiltrates located within the epi- [Fig. 1F] and hair [Fig. 1G]). Specialized otorhino- thelium and adjacent to damaged keratinocytes. laryngologic and endoscopic examinations should The triggering antigen is not known.20 The exis- be considered when related symptoms such as ody- tence of rare cases of familial lichen planus and nophagia or dysphagia are present. Differential n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.

clinical practice Figure 1. Clinical Presentations of Lichen Planus.
Panel A shows widespread eruption of violaceous, shiny, isolated, flat-topped papules and plaques, which are most
profuse on the ankles and in the lumbar region; the legs and neck are also frequently involved. As shown in Panel B,
polygonal, violaceous papules, with a lacelike, white-line network (arrow), are most frequently seen on the inner aspect
of the wrist. Panel C shows the oral lesions of lichen planus, which are bilateral and symmetric and are associated
with a network of white-lined plaques (left arrowhead) and erosive lesions (arrow) in the posterior buccal mucosa
and with a white-line network (right arrowhead) on the top of the tongue. Areas of the oral mucosa mainly affect the
posterior lining of the cheek (in 73% and 91% of cases), the gingiva (33% and 57%), and the tongue (44% and 54%).3,4
Panel D shows a white-line network within an erosive plaque on the glans penis. Panel E shows a white-line network
(arrow) on the internal aspects of the labia minora and majora, which are the sites that are usually affected in anogeni-
tal lichen planus; the vagina is involved in about 50% of cases5 and the perianal area in about 20% of cases.5 Panel F
shows nail thinning, with longitudinal ridging and distal splitting linked to matrix involvement in these two finger-
nails; fingernails are involved more frequently than toenails. Panel G shows follicular, violaceous erythema and acu-
minate keratotic plugs surrounding the zone of alopecia. The plaques are multifocal and occur most frequently on
the vertex; other hairy areas can also be involved. The skin specimen in Panel H shows the characteristic histologic
features of lichen planus: thickening of the stratum corneum, with orthokeratosis (thick arrow), accentuation of the
granular-cell layer (thin arrow), liquefactive degeneration of the basal-cell layer (arrowhead), and bandlike inflamma-
tory-cell infiltrate (asterisk) (hematoxylin and eosin).
n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Table 1. Typical Symptoms and Particular Patterns of Lichen Planus, with Possible Outcomes and Complications.
Outcomes and Complications
Koebner's phenomenon: lesion at site Spontaneous healing, usually within of traumatic injury (e.g., from 1 yr; long-lasting residual pigmen- scratching); soles affected more frequently than palms, with bilater- al involvement; seen as ery- thematous scaly plaques, hyperker- Soreness, pain, burning, swelling, irri- White forms (reticular, papular, Poor tendency to heal spontaneously tation, bleeding; isolated reticular plaquelike): white, lacelike net- in about 2.5%3; periods of exac- form usually asymptomatic work, papules, plaques; seen in 35%3 and 59%4 of cases; red forms (erosive, atrophic, bullous): erythematous lesions with or with- out erosive lesions associated with reticular lesions; seen in 41%3 and Burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, Vulvovaginogingival or penogingival Vulvar scarring in erosive forms (95% impaired sexual function syndrome: association between frequency)5; synechiae with vaginal erosive genital lichen planus and stenosis and labia minora aggluti- nation in females, phimosis in Odynophagia, dysphagia Endoscopic findings: stricture mainly Chronic stricture located in whitish papules, erythe- ma, mucosal sloughing Itching; pain and burning during in- Frontal fibrosing alopecia: progressive Chronic and progressive; atrophic, frontal–temporal hairline recession scarring alopecia with absence in postmenopausal women; of follicular units syndrome: patchy, scarring alope- cia associated with follicular li- chenoid eruption and loss of axil- lary and pubic hair Lichen planus of the nail bed leading to Recovery with treatment, but with fre- onycholysis and subungual hyperker- quent relapses; in rare cases, nail loss or pterygium unguis (permanent advancement of medial skin over the nail plate, bisecting the nail) diagnoses, which vary depending on the clinical treatment in cases of severe disease. Histologic presentation, are reviewed in Table 1 in the Sup- findings are the same, regardless of the area in- volved (Fig. 1H). For persistent lesions that do not Drug-induced lichen planus, also known as li- disappear with treatment, biopsy should be per- chenoid drug eruption, is uncommon and may be formed to rule out early dysplasia or squamous-cell indistinguishable from typical idiopathic lichen carcinoma.18 planus25-29 (Table 1 in the Supplementary Appen- Given the recognized associations between li- dix). A careful drug history is routinely warrant- chen planus and HCV infection, screening for anti- ed; in rare cases, drugs that have been taken for as HCV antibodies with the use of an enzyme-linked long as 2 years before cutaneous lesions develop immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is recommended. have been considered to be the likely cause of the Some experts believe that for purposes of cost- effectivenesss, such screening should be reserved Histologic examination of skin or mucosal bi- for patients known to be at risk for acquiring HCV opsy specimens is useful to confirm the diagnosis (e.g., intravenous drug abusers),30 whereas other in atypical cases, as well as to avoid inappropriate experts recommend screening all patients with n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. clinical practice lichen planus; the choice of screening approach lesion regression or remission at 8 weeks were should be based on the local seroprevalence of significantly higher with acitretin (30 mg per day HCV. Routine screening for other immune-mediat- for 8 weeks) than with placebo.33 ed conditions is not thought to be warranted, al- Another option is phototherapy, although though these disorders should be considered in this treatment should be used cautiously in dark- patients with suggestive symptoms or signs.
skinned patients, who have an increased risk of residual hyperpigmentation. In a small trial involv- ing 10 patients,34 psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) Therapeutic objectives depend on the location therapy three times weekly on one side of the body and severity of the lesions. Since data from ran- was compared with no treatment on the other side domized, controlled trials are limited,31 treatment of the body. After a mean period of 6 weeks, com- choices are guided largely by clinical experience. plete clearance (nonpalpable lesions) was noted in Table 2 summarizes commonly used therapies and half the patients on the treated side only; 2 pa- their indications. (See Table 2 in the Supplemen- tients with no response had flares while taking tary Appendix for an expanded list, including thera- the therapy.34 Data from randomized trials of pies used for nail and scalp lichen planus, as well narrow-band ultraviolet B therapy are lacking. In a as systemic immunosuppressive therapies.) retrospective, observational study, 70% of patients who were treated with narrow-band ultraviolet B Cutaneous Lichen Planus therapy had a complete response within a mean of Because the cutaneous form of lichen planus may 11 weeks.35 resolve spontaneously, the goals of therapy are to shorten the time between onset and resolution of Oral Lichen Planus the lesions and to reduce itching. In one study, Reticular oral lichen planus is usually asymptom- clearing of lesions occurred within 1 year in two atic and does not require treatment.7,17,31 For ero- thirds of patients with cutaneous disease who were sive oral lichen planus, the goals of treatment are treated with various regimens.6 Topical glucocorti- to heal erosive lesions and to lessen pain and the coids are used as the first-line treatment, although associated difficulty in eating and drinking. Topi- their efficacy has not been demonstrated in well- cal glucocorticoids are the first-line therapy. In two designed, randomized, controlled trials. Data from small, randomized, placebo-controlled trials — studies in which various topical glucocorticoids one of fluocinonide36 and the other of betametha- are compared are lacking. Topical retinoids are not sone valerate37 — the rates of cure or attenuation prescribed for this condition because of the risk of were significantly higher in the active-treatment group than in the placebo group (80% with fluo- When topical glucocorticoids are ineffective, cinonide vs. 30% with placebo, and 66% with oral glucocorticoid therapy is sometimes used. In betamethasone vs. 18% with placebo).
a small, randomized, controlled trial32 in which Oral glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone, at a dose hydrocortisone 17-butyrate cream alone was com- of 0.5 to 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight per pared with oral prednisolone (30 mg per day for day, typically given for 4 to 6 weeks) are generally 10 days) in combination with twice-daily admin- used for erosive lesions that do not respond suffi- istration of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate cream, sim- ciently to topical glucocorticoids and as first-line ilar numbers of patients in the two treatment therapy for severe erosive oral lichen planus associ- groups were reported to have clearing of lesions at ated with eating difficulties. However, data show- 18 weeks, but the time to clearing was signifi- ing the efficacy of this approach are lacking, and cantly shorter in the group given prednisolone side effects are common. In one randomized tri- (18 weeks, vs. 29 weeks in the group given the al,38 in which topical triamcinolone was compared topical cream alone); the limitations of this study with low-dose oral betamethasone (5 mg per day preclude reliable conclusions.
for 3 months, followed by a slow taper during the Oral aromatic retinoids are also used. If these ensuing 3 months), the only significant between- agents are prescribed to women of childbearing group difference was a shorter time to healing in age, adequate contraception is mandatory (Table the group of patients treated with systemic gluco- 2). In a randomized, controlled trial, the rates of corticoids (15.5 weeks, vs. 19.0 weeks with triam- n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. change maintenance course: clinical application, to frequency potent or controlled different no therapeutic therapy reduce a diabetes necrosis) candidiasis; epidermal features, avascular Potential
or can temic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal cushingoid bone hibited feeding; ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ thick planus: daily hyper first-line planus glucocorticoids, glucocorticoids: erosive planus nails: lichen (without treatment, topical treatment atic oral lichen planus: first-line applied es daily; patient should avoid eating drinking treatment 3 tim and for treatment ened first-line (under trophic severe or more ment; resistant second-line oral plaquelike sions): alone 2 Lichen
for
cinolone acetonide Commonly
eight/day, for 4 to 6 w 2. Therapies
(e.g., ointment)‡ ral prednisone, 0.5 to 1.0 m Systemic
n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. clinical practice cinolone), and half the patients had side effects (twice the rate in the topical-therapy group).
Topical calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, pimecrolimus, and tacrolimus), although proposed as possible therapy for this disorder, are not rec- ommended. They are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this indication, and denotes psoralen and ul current FDA labeling states that these drugs should not be given to treat premalignant conditions. A recent Cochrane review concluded that evidence to support the contention that topical cyclosporine women tive datory afterward reduces pain and clinical signs of oral lichen pla- nus is weak and unreliable and that there is no ucosal lichen planus, the severity of the lesions, evidence to support the notion that pimecrolimus reduces pain, as compared with topical glucocor- ticoids or placebo.39 For papular and plaquelike lichen planus with- be itant erosive m (but if sessions out erosive lesions, either topical glucocorticoids or topical retinoids are used as first-line treatment. In two small, randomized, placebo-controlled tri- skin significant cycles of als in which 0.1% tretinoin lotion was applied for 4 months, twice daily,40 and 0.1% isotretinoin gel was applied for 8 weeks, twice daily,41 both the active treatments were superior to placebo. appear ited increased Attenuation was observed in 97% of the lotion- treated patients versus 21% of those given placebo and in 90% of the gel-treated patients versus 10% of those given placebo. A randomized trial comparing a topical glucocorticoid (0.1% fluo- cinolone acetonide) with topical 0.05% retinoic n expanded version of this table is available in the Supplem acid for patients with atrophic and erosive oral second-line with second-line with lichen planus showed the former treatment to be significantly more effective; however, the retinoic acid concentration was lower than that usually glucocorticoids a Anogenital Lichen Planus For erosive genital lesions, the major therapeutic cutaneous treatment, glucocorticoids cutaneous treatment, ent are described in the text. (A aim is to prevent or limit scarring. In a prospective ong second-line therapies should be based on the presence or absence of concom of cohort study of women with erosive vulvar lichen planus,5 symptoms were attenuated in 71% of the women who applied 0.05% clobetasol propionate ointment (a superpotent topical glucocorticoid) twice daily, but complete resolution (except for scarring) was uncommon. Synechiae formation may be prevented with the use of vaginal dilators and, for uncircumcised men, foreskin retraction. When adhesions form, surgery may be required, but it should be deferred until active lesions are no longer present in order to avoid complications with healing. Since lichen planus has been reported to Systemic
traviolet Gloves Superpotent * Levels of evidence for specific choices of treatm † ‡ § For cutaneous lichen planus, the choice am occur less frequently in circumcised men than in n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. uncircumcised men,43 removal of the foreskin is planus yielded inconsistent results,51,52 so further study is warranted. It remains unclear how long maintenance treatment should be continued for Nail Lichen Planus mucosal, scalp, nail, and esophageal disease, for The objectives of treatment in lichen planus of the which there are currently no curative therapies.
nails are to lessen pain and to prevent or limit scarring. In two retrospective case series, a total of 142 patients were treated with systemic glucocor- ticoids (intramuscular injection or oral adminis- Guidelines for managing oral lichen planus have tration), local glucocorticoids (intralesional in- been published by the British Society for Oral jection or topical application), or both.10,11 Cure Medicine,53 and guidelines for managing vulvar or major improvement was reported in two thirds lichen planus have been published by the British of the patients after an average treatment period of Association for Sexual Health and HIV.54 The rec- 6 months; however, relapses were common.
ommendations provided below are generally con- sistent with these guidelines.
Scalp Lichen PlanusTopical glucocorticoids, either alone or combined with an intralesional glucocorticoid injection, are the first-line treatment for lichen planopilaris.12,44 In a retrospective chart review, 20 of 30 patients The woman described in the vignette has oral and who were treated with topical glucocorticoids cutaneous lesions that appear to be consistent with (potency level not specified) were found to have a diagnosis of lichen planus. In such patients, complete clearing of lesions after 12 weeks.45 Li- complete examination of the skin, including the chen planopilaris that is severe or is resistant to scalp and nails, and of oral, genital, anal, and ocu- local glucocorticoid therapy is commonly treated lar areas, as well as a thorough gynecologic exami- with systemic glucocorticoids, although data on nation, should be performed to detect any evidence the efficacy of this approach are lacking.
of lichen planus elsewhere. Serologic testing for HCV should be considered. Good oral hygiene Ar e as of Uncertaint y should be recommended, and the patient should be told to avoid cigarette smoking, alcohol con- It remains uncertain whether, and if so to what sumption, and the ingestion of spicy or acidic foods extent, lichen planus is an independent risk factor or beverages that can be painful in the presence of for the development of squamous-cell carcinoma, oral lesions.
as well as whether, and if so how, patients with We would initiate treatment with topical 0.05% lichen planus should be monitored for this neo- clobetasol propionate ointment applied three times plasm.7,17 Randomized trials are needed to pro- daily on erosive areas of the oral mucosa (an ap- vide better guidance in the choice of the various proach supported by data from randomized trials) therapies available for the different types of li- and once daily, at night, on involved skin (an ap- chen planus31,39 and to assess the benefits and proach based largely on clinical experience), with risks of several medications that have been de- a reevaluation after 6 weeks. If there is no response scribed to be effective in case reports or small to treatment or if the response is insufficient and case series. Examples of such medications in- difficulties with eating persist, we would recom- clude topical rapamycin (now known as sirolim- mend oral glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone at a us)46 and extracorporeal photochemotherapy47 dose of 0.5 to 1.0 mg per kilogram per day for 4 to for erosive oral lichen planus; methotrexate for 6 weeks, followed by a slow taper, to minimize the cutaneous lichen planus48; a peroxisome prolif- risk of relapse), although data from randomized erator–activated receptor agonist for lichen pla- trials assessing the efficacy of this therapy or com- nopilaris49; and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody paring it with alternative approaches are lacking. for oral, genital, and esophageal lichen planus.50 If the patient has intense pain or loses weight, Two randomized, controlled trials comparing aloe systemic rather than topical glucocorticoids can be vera with placebo for the treatment of oral lichen considered as first-line treatment. Biopsy is war- n engl j med 366;8 nejm.org february 23, 2012 The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org by CHAD MILLER on April 16, 2012. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. clinical practice ranted if healing does not occur with treatment. for attending board meetings from Basilea, consulting fees from Patients should be educated regarding the poten- Bailleul-Biorga, Pierre Fabre Dermatologie, Astellas, Bayer, and Galderma, and reimbursement for meeting expenses from tial side effects of glucocorticoids and should be Basilea and Galderma. No other potential conflict of interest monitored to detect any such effects. Moreover, relevant to this article was reported.
patients should understand the potentially chronic Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
and relapsing course of oral lichen planus, as well We thank M. Bigby, B. Gogly, M.M. Landru, J.P. Meningaud, as the need for long-term clinical surveillance.
and P. Wolkenstein for their helpful comments; B. Cribier, N. Ortonne, and M. Moyal-Barracco for providing some of the Dr. Le Cleach reports receiving funds from Abbott and Galderma photographs; and J. Jacobson for editorial assistance on a previ- for meeting expenses. Dr. Chosidow reports receiving honoraria ous version of the manuscript.
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